Systems and methods for cluster validation

ABSTRACT

A seismic vibrator has a baseplate composed at least partially of a composite material. The baseplate has a body composed of the composite material and has top and bottom plates composed of a metallic material. The top plate supports isolators for isolating the vibrator&#39;s mass and frame from the baseplate. Internally, the composite body has a central structure to which couple stilts for supporting the mass and a piston for the vibrator&#39;s actuator. A lattice structure surrounds the central structure. This lattice structure has radial ribs extending from the central structure and has radial ribs interconnecting the radial ribs.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a non-provisional of U.S. Appl. No. 61/393,129, filed 14 Oct.2010, which is incorporated herein by reference and to which priority isclaimed.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

In a geophysical survey, a seismic source can be carried by a truck andpositioned at a predetermined location in an area of exploration. Theseismic source can be a single axis vibratory source and can impartcompressing P-waves into the earth once coupled to the earth andoperated. A vibrator 10 according to the prior art is illustrated inFIG. 1A and is diagrammatically illustrated in FIG. 1B. The vibrator 10transmits force into the ground using a baseplate 20 and a reaction mass50.

As is typical, the vibrator 10 is mounted on a carrier vehicle (notshown) that uses a mechanism and bars 12/14 to lower the vibrator 10 tothe ground. With the vibrator 10 lowered, the weight of the vehicleholds the baseplate 20 engaged with the ground so seismic source signalscan be transmitted into the earth. The reaction mass 50 positionsdirectly above baseplate 20 and stilts 52 extend from the baseplate 20and through the mass 50 to stabilize it.

Internally, the reaction mass 50 has a cylinder 56 formed therein. Avertically extending piston 60 extends through this cylinder 56, and ahead 62 on the piston 60 divides the cylinder 56 into upper and lowerchambers. The piston 60 connects at its lower end to a hub in a lowercross-piece 54L and extends upward through the cylinder 56. The piston60's upper end connects to a hub on an upper cross-piece 54U, and thecross pieces 54U-L connect to the stilts 52.

To isolate the baseplate 20 from the bars 14, the bars 14 have feet 16with isolators 40 disposed between the feet 16 and the baseplate 20. Inaddition, the feet 16 have tension members 42 interconnected between theedges of the feet 16 and the baseplate 20. The tension members 42 areused to hold the baseplate 20 when the vibrator 10 is raised and loweredto the ground. Finally, shock absorbers 44 are also mounted between thebottom of the feet 16 and the baseplate 20 to isolate vibrationstherebetween.

During operation, a controller 80 as shown in FIG. 1B receives signalsfrom a first sensor 85 coupled to the upper cross-piece 54U and receivessignals from a second sensor 87 coupled to the reaction mass 50. Basedon feedback from these sensors 85/87 and a desired sweep signal foroperating the vibrator 10, the controller 80 generates a drive signal tocontrol a servo valve assembly 82. Driven by the drive signal, the servovalve assembly 82 alternatingly routes high pressure hydraulic fluidbetween a hydraulic fluid supply 84 and upper and lower cylinder pistonchambers via ports in the mass 50. As hydraulic fluid alternatinglyaccumulates in the piston's chambers located immediately above and belowthe piston head 62, the reaction mass 50 reciprocally vibrates in avertical direction on the piston 60. In turn, the force generated by thevibrating mass 50 transfers to the baseplate 20 via the stilts 52 andthe piston 60 so that the baseplate 20 vibrates at a desired amplitudeand frequency or sweep to generate a seismic source signal into theground.

As the moving reaction mass 50 acts upon the baseplate 20 to impart aseismic source signal into the earth, the signal travels through theearth, reflects at discontinuities and formations, and then travelstoward the earth's surface. At the surface, an array of geophonereceivers (not shown) coupled to the earth detects the reflected signal,and a recording device records the signals from the geophone receivers.The seismic recorder can use a correlation processor to correlate thecomputed ground force supplied by the seismic source to the seismicsignals received by the geophone receivers.

As can be seen, an essential component of the vibrator 10 is itsbaseplate 20. FIGS. 2A-2C show the baseplate 20 for the prior artvibrator 10 in plan, side, and end-sectional views. The top of the plate20 has stilt mounts 24 for the stilts (52; FIG. 1B), and a reinforcementpad 21 surrounds these mounts 24. Retaining ledges 26 are provided forthe isolators (40). The long edges near the corners have forked hangers28 to which ends of the tension members (42) connect, and reinforcementpads 27 are provided around the outside edges of the plate 20 forconnecting the shock absorbers (44) to the baseplate 20.

Overall, the baseplate 20 can have a height H₁ of about 6.9-in., a widthW₁ of about 42-in., and a length L₁ of about 96-in., and the plate 20can weight approximately 4020-lbs. As shown in the end section of FIG.2C, the plate 20 has four internal tubes or beams 30 that runlongitudinally along the plate's length. The beams 30 are hollow tubeswith rectangular cross-sections and have a height of about 6-in., awidth of about 4-in., and a wall thickness of about ⅜-in.Interconnecting spacers 32 position between the beams 30 and between thelong cap walls of the baseplate 20.

When operating such a prior art vibrator 10, operators experienceproblems in accurately imparting desired force into the ground with thevibrator 10 and the baseplate 20. Ideally, operators would like thevibrator 10 to efficiently impart force into the ground with thebaseplate 20. Also, operators would like to know the actual ground forceapplied by the baseplate 20 to the ground when imparting the seismicenergy. Unfortunately, the baseplate 20 experiences a great deal ofvibration and flexure that can distort or interfere with the idealoperation of the baseplate 20.

Although the typical prior art vibrator and baseplate may be effective,operators are continually seeking more efficient ways to impart seismicenergy into the ground for a seismic survey.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

A seismic vibrator has a baseplate, a mass, an actuator, and acontroller. The mass is movably disposed relative to the baseplate forimparting vibrational energy thereto, and the actuator is coupled to themass for moving the mass relative to the baseplate. The controller iscommunicatively coupled to the actuator and controls operation of theactuator.

Rather than having a conventional construction, the baseplate has a corebody composed of a composite material and has top and bottom platescomposed of a metallic material. The top plate supports isolators forisolating the vibrator's mass and frame from the baseplate. Internally,the composite core body has a central structure to which couple stiltsfor supporting the mass and to which couples a piston for the vibrator'sactuator. A lattice structure surrounds the central structure. Thislattice structure has main or radial ribs extending from the centralstructure and has circumferential or interconnecting ribsinterconnecting the radial ribs.

Journals are disposed in the body from a central mount at the topsurface to the bottom surface. The stilts for supporting the mass coupleto these journals. A central journal is also disposed in the body, andthe piston for the actuator disposed through the mass couples to thecentral journal.

The baseplate can have a top component and a bottom component thatconnect together to form the core body. The top component has a topsurface and an outer wall extending therefrom, while the bottomcomponent has a bottom surface and an inner wall extending therefrom.The top component positions on the bottom component with the outersidewall fitting around the inner wall.

Finally, the bottom surface of the baseplate can have a round perimeter,while the top surface can have a rectangular perimeter with shelvesextending beyond the round perimeter of the bottom surface. Thebaseplate, however, can have any desirable shape, including, forexample, round, square, rectangular, polygonal.

The foregoing summary is not intended to summarize each potentialembodiment or every aspect of the present disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A shows a vibrator according to the prior art in a perspectiveview.

FIG. 1B schematically illustrates the prior art vibrator of FIG. 1A.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate the baseplate for the prior art vibrator in plan,side, and end-section views.

FIGS. 3A-3D show a vibrator according to the present disclosure inperspective, front, side, and cross-sectional views.

FIGS. 4A-4D show the baseplate of the disclosed vibrator in perspective,perspective cross-sectional, longitudinal cross-sectional, and lateralcross-sectional views.

FIGS. 5A-5B show the composite body of the disclosed baseplate in aperspective top view and in a bottom view.

FIGS. 6A-6B show the composite body of the disclosed baseplate in a topcross-sectional view and in a bottom cross-sectional view.

FIGS. 7A-7B show the bottom assembly of the disclosed baseplate in topand bottom perspective views.

FIG. 8 shows the top plate of the disclosed baseplate in an upperperspective view.

FIG. 9 shows the bottom plate of the disclosed baseplate in an upperperspective view.

FIG. 10A shows a cross-section of a piston journal for the disclosedbaseplate.

FIG. 10B shows a cross-section of a stilt journal for the disclosedbaseplate.

FIGS. 11A-11B show perspective views of another baseplate with acomposite body according to the present disclosure.

FIGS. 12A-12B show an exploded view and an exposed view of anotherpartially composite baseplate according to the present disclosure.

FIG. 12C shows an exploded view of the core body of the compositebaseplate.

FIGS. 12D-12E show longitudinal and lateral sectional views of thecomposite baseplate.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

A. Seismic Vibrator

FIGS. 3A-3D show perspective, front, side, and cross-sectional views ofa seismic vibrator 100 according to certain teachings of the presentdisclosure. The vibrator 100 has a frame 110, a moveable reaction mass150, and a baseplate 200. The frame 110 and mass 150 can be constructedmainly of metal, such as steel or the like. By contrast, the baseplate200 is at least partially composed of a composite material as describedin more detail later.

In general, the vibrator 100 transmits force to the ground using thebaseplate 200 and the reaction mass 150, and the vibrator 100 canoperate similar to the vibrator detailed previously with reference toFIGS. 1A-1B. As is typical, for example, the vibrator 100 is mounted ona carrier or vehicle (not shown) that uses the frame 110 to lower thevibrator 100 to the ground. With the vibrator 100 lowered, the weight ofthe vehicle holds the baseplate 200 engaged with the ground so seismicsource signals can be transmitted into the earth during operation. Otherdetails of how the vibrator 100 couples to the ground with a vehicle orother carrier are well known in the art and not detailed herein.

When the vibrator 100 is operated, the moving reaction mass 150 actsupon the baseplate 200 to impart a seismic source signal into theground. The seismic signal travels through the ground, reflects atdiscontinuities and formations, and travels toward the surface. Sensorscoupled to the ground are arranged in an array spaced apart from thevibrator 100. These sensors detect the reflected source signal, and arecording station typically housed in a truck record the signals fromthe sensors. The recording station includes a seismic recorder and canalso include a correlation processor. Such a correlation processorreceives a signal from the vibrator 100 indicative of the source signalimparted into the earth and correlates the received signal with therecorded signals.

As shown, the reaction mass 150 positions directly above the baseplate200. A support 160 extends from the baseplate 200 through the mass 150and stabilizes the reaction mass 150. The support 160 is typicallyconstructed using stilts 162, which can be tubular pipes or rods made ofsteel or the like. These stilts 162 have ends affixed to the baseplate200 and extend upward from the baseplate 200 and through the reactionmass 150. An upper cross-piece 164, which may be constructed from steel,couples to the top ends of the stilts 162 and provides stability to thesupport 160 as the mass 150 vibrates. Isolators 146 are provided on thebaseplate 200 below the reaction mass 150 for isolating vibrations.

As noted above, the carrier vehicle applies its static weight to thebaseplate 200 via the frame 110 to hold the baseplate 200 against theground. Yet, the contribution of the frame 110 and vehicle to theresulting seismic force applied to the ground is preferably kept to aminimum. Therefore, several isolators 140 are used between the frame 110and the baseplate 200 to isolate motion of the baseplate 200 from theframe 110 and the vehicle.

As shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, the frame 110 has vertical support bars 114 anda horizontal bar 112 connected to the tops of these vertical bars 114.At their distal ends, the vertical bars 114 connect to feet 116. Inturn, these feet 116 connect to the baseplate 200 using an arrangementof isolators 140, pivotable pistons 144, and tension members 142. Thearrangement of these components (140, 142, 144) essentially isolates theframe 110 from the baseplate 200 and the movable mass 150 supportedthereon. In addition, the arrangement allows the vibratory force of themass 150 to be applied to the ground via the baseplate 200 whileminimizing the amount of force permitted to transmit back through theframe 110 to the supporting vehicle.

Each vertical bar 114 couples to one of the feet 116. The pistons 144pivotably connect between these feet 116 and the baseplate 200 and actas shock absorbers. The tension members 144 connect the outer edges ofthe feet 116 to the outer edge of the baseplate 200 and support theplate 200 to the feet 116 when the vibrator 100 is lifted off theground.

For their part, the isolators 140 can be air bags or other isolatingelements known and used in the art. The isolators 140 are situatedsomewhat outside of the main footprint of the baseplate 200. Inparticular, the outside corners of the feet 116 extend beyond thebaseplate's footprint. Similarly, shelves 218 on the baseplate 200extend from its edges to support the isolators 140 disposed betweenthese shelves 218 and the extended corners of the feet 116.

As best shown in FIG. 3D, the reaction mass 150 has a cylinder 176internally therein that fits onto a vertically extending piston 170. Thepiston 170 connects at its lower end to a piston journal 236 in thebaseplate 200 and extends upward through the cylinder 176. The piston'supper end connects to the upper cross piece 164. A head 172 on thepiston 170 divides the cylinder 176 into upper and lower chambers. Thispiston 170 and reaction mass 150 can be hydraulically actuated accordingto techniques known in the art so that they are not detailed herein.

B. Baseplate

With an understanding of the vibrator 100, discussion now turns tofurther details of the baseplate 200. FIGS. 4A-4D show the baseplate 200of the disclosed vibrator 100 in perspective, perspective cross-section,longitudinal cross-section, and lateral cross-section. The baseplate 200has a top plate 210, a bottom assembly 220, and an internal compositecore body 250. Most of the baseplate 200 is composed of metal, such assteel or the like, including the top plate 210 and the bottom assembly220. However, the internal composite core body 250 is composed of acomposite material, preferably having carbon fiber, although anysuitable type of composite can be used. In general, the composite can benon-metallic and can have a matrix material (e.g., resin, polymer, etc.)and a reinforcement material (e.g., fiber strand, fiber mesh, or groundmaterial) that meet the needs of the particular implementation. Thechoice of these materials and their ratio can be selected for strengthand other factors.

The top plate 210 fits on top of the composite core body 250 and acts asa surface for the various couplings of the baseplate 200 to othercomponents of the vibrator (100). The bottom assembly 220 also fitsaround the composite core body 250 and acts as the interface of thebaseplate 200 with the ground during operation. The bottom assembly 220has a central mount 230, a bottom plate 240, and skin elements 222.

The top plate 210, which is shown in an isolated perspective view inFIG. 8, is preferably composed of steel and defines a central opening212 and various features on its surface. Corners of the top plate 210extend out from the sides of the baseplate 200 and have retaining ledges214 for the isolators (140). The top plate 210 has reinforcement pads217 for connecting the pistons (144) near the outside edges the plate210. In addition, the shorter edges of the top plate 210 can have forkedhangers (not shown) to which ends of the tension members (142) connect.Other retaining ledges 216 are provided for the isolators (146) that fitbelow the reaction mass (150).

As shown in each of FIGS. 4A-4D, the baseplate's central mount 230 isexposed in the central opening 212 of the top plate 210. The centralmount 230 has a central piston journal 236 for connection to the end ofthe vibrator's piston (170). (FIG. 10A shows a detailed cross-section ofthe piston journal 236.) The piston journal 236 fits in a centralopening of the mount 230, and the end of the piston (170) affixes in thepiston journal 236 with fasteners. In this way, force applied to thepiston (170) couples to the mount 230 and the composite core body 250 ofthe baseplate 200 during operation of the vibrator (100).

As best shown in FIG. 4A, around this piston journal 236, the centralmount 230 has stilt journals 234 for connection to the ends of thevibrator's stilts (162). As best shown in FIG. 7A, the stilt journals234 extend to the bottom plate 240 of the bottom assembly 220. (FIG. 10Bshows a detailed cross-sectional view of one of the stilt journals 234.)Ends of the stilts (162) affix in these journals 234 to be supported tothe baseplate 200.

For its part, the bottom plate 240 as shown in FIGS. 4C-4D of the bottomassembly 220 fits below the composite core body 250 and can affixthereto using fasteners and other means. (An isolated perspective viewof the bottom plate 240 is provided in FIG. 9.) Openings 242 in thebottom plate 240 are provided for attaching to the stilt journals 234.The skin elements 222 fit around the sides of the composite core body250 and can act as protection in general.

If given an overall rectangular configuration, the baseplate 200 canhave a width W of about 42-in. and a length L of about 92-in., giving asurface area of about 3864-sq in. A circular shape for the baseplate 200may have dimensions for a comparable area. Additionally, the baseplate200 can have a height H of about 12-in. and can weigh approximately2500-lbs. in one implementation. Thus, the baseplate 200 can have aweight approximately 38% less than the weight of the conventional priorart baseplate. Yet, the baseplate 200 can have a much greater stiffness(almost 4 times greater) than a conventional baseplate as detailedbelow. However, these dimensions are only exemplary, and the disclosedbaseplate 200 can have other dimensions depending on the implementation.

C. Composite Body

FIGS. 5A-5B show the composite core body 250 of the disclosed baseplate(200) in perspective and bottom views. As noted above, the compositecore body 250 is composed of a composite material. Various types ofmaterials can be used. Preferably, the core body 250 is composed of acarbon fiber material. The resin used, the type of weave, the strengthto weight ratio, and other parameters for the carbon fiber material canbe configured for a particular implementation and depend on theparticulars of the carbon fiber manufacturing technology employed. Thecarbon fiber composite material for the core body 250 can withstandcompression well, which is suitable for the vibrator's vibrating motionof imparting force into the ground. The carbon fiber material may nothandle shear or friction forces very well so that the construction ofthe baseplate 200 and the core body 250 seek to mitigate such issues.

As shown in FIG. 5A, the core body 250 has a top surface component 260and a bottom surface component 270 that are preferably separately formedand then joined together during assembly. In one embodiment, bothcomponents 260/270 are composed of composite material, such as havingcarbon fiber. Alternatively, one of the components 260/270, such as topcomponent 260, can be composed of a different material, includinganother composite or even metal.

The top surface component 260 has a smooth face 262 against which thetop plate (210) positions. The top plate (210) can simply rest againstor can affix to the smooth face 262 using an appropriate fasteningmechanism, such as epoxy, fasteners, or the like. A central opening 266is provided for the central piston journal (236), and surroundingopenings 264 are provided for the stilt journals (234). Opposing edgesof the top surface component 260 form shelves 268 for extending the topsurface of the baseplate 200 beyond its footprint as describedpreviously. Gussets 265 can extend down from the face 262 to sidewalls263 to which the face 262 is connected.

The bottom surface component 270 defines a circumference and has abottom face 272 as shown in FIG. 5B to which the baseplate's bottomplate (240) affixes for imparting force into the ground. As discussedherein, having a round interface can be beneficial in supporting thereaction mass (150) and handling bending and shear stresses with thebaseplate 200, among other benefits.

The internal structure of the core body 250 is illustrated in the topand bottom cross-sectional views of FIGS. 6A-6B respectively. As notedpreviously, the top surface component 260 has the sidewall 263 as shownin FIG. 6A. The sidewall 263 fits around portion of the bottom surfacecomponent 270 when joined together. The gussets 265 extend from opposingends of the sidewall 263 for supporting to the top face 262 of the topsurface component 260.

The bottom surface component 270 has a central structure 272 withopenings 274 and 276 for the stilt journals (234) and the piston journal(236). A lattice structure 280 extends around this central structure 272and includes main or radial ribs 282 interconnected by circumferentialor interconnecting ribs 284 and defining pockets 286. This latticestructure 280 increases the stiffness of the core body 250 and inhibitstransverse bending.

As shown, the lattice structure 280 is preferably round so that the mainribs 282 extend radially and the interconnecting ribs 284 extendcircumferentially. If the baseplate 200 has a different shape, such asrectangular, then the main ribs 282 may extend longitudinally while theinterconnecting ribs 284 extend laterally. These and other variationsare possible depending on the overall shape of the baseplate 200.

D. Operation of Baseplate with Composite Body

During operation, the contact area of a given baseplate changes betweendownward strokes and upward strokes. The typical prior art baseplatesuch as shown in FIGS. 2A-2C, which is rectangular, has downward forceson the ends as the piston provides the up and down force in the center.This movement tends to decouple the prior art baseplate from the ground,causing inefficient energy transmission.

Ideally, a baseplate used on a seismic source can uniformly distributeforce imparted from the reaction mass to the ground. To assist with suchuniformity, the disclosed baseplate 200 is substantially circular havinga round footprint for engaging the ground. Being symmetric, thedisclosed baseplate 200 can more evenly distribute the force and avoidsome of the decoupling that reduces energy transmission.

The symmetric baseplate 200 can produce 2^(nd) and 4^(th) orderharmonics. The stiffness of composite carbon fiber material of the corebody 250 can help distribute the applied force for the ground force ofthe vibrator (100). Additionally, using of the composite core body 250in the baseplate 200 can reduce the 2^(nd) order harmonics due to themore even distribution of force with the up and down strokes of thevibrator (100). Moreover, the vibrator (100) can require less energy foroperation because the vibrator signal will experience less attenuation.

Other properties of the disclose baseplate 200 help improve itstransmissive properties. In general, the Young's modulus, stiffness,strength, and low density of the composite core body 250 contribute toimproved transmissive properties of the baseplate 200. In particular, astructural design preferably has a higher resonant frequency relative toany vibration to which the structure is subjected. In general, theresonant frequency for a structural design can be described by theequation:

$\omega_{n} = \sqrt{\frac{K}{M}}$

In the context of the vibrator (100) and the baseplate 200 of interest,the resonant frequency can be described by the equation:

$\omega_{n} = \sqrt{\frac{K}{M_{bp}}}$

Here, K is the coupling stiffness of the baseplate 200 to the ground,and M_(bp) is the mass of the baseplate 200. The mass M_(bp) of thebaseplate 200 can be known, and the value for the coupling stiffness Kis governed by the Young's modulus and shape geometry of the baseplate200, which can be defined.

In the operation of the baseplate 200, the resonant frequency wouldnormally limit the bandwidth achievable with the baseplate 200 duringuse. Thus, the baseplate 200 with a higher resonant frequency would becapable of greater bandwidth than conventionally achieved. According tothe resonant frequency equation for the structural design noted above,reduction of the baseplate's mass M_(bp) can increase the resonantfrequency as generally desired. Because the composite core body 250 iscomposed of composite carbon fiber material, which can have almost ¼ ofthe density of steel typically used, the disclosed baseplate 200 canhave improved transmissive properties and greater achievable bandwidthdue to its higher resonant frequency.

E. Alternative Baseplate

FIGS. 11A-11B show another baseplate 300 according to the presentdisclosure. The baseplate 300 has a composite body 350, shelves 310,stands 320, and a bottom plate 340. Again, the composite body 350 iscomposed of a composite material. Although various types of materialscan be used, the body 350 is again preferably composed of a carbon fibermaterial.

The composite body 350, which is shown in isolated view in FIG. 11 B,has a central hub 370 defining a central opening for a piston journal362. Surrounding openings hold stilt journals 364. Extending out fromthe central hub 370, the body 350 has a lattice structure 380 havingradial ribs 382 and circumferential ribs 384 interconnecting them anddefining pockets 386. The outside circumference of the body 350 has anouter rim 388.

As shown in FIG. 11A, the bottom plate 340 affixes to the bottom of thebody 350. The bottom plate 340 can be composed of metal or the like andcan attach to the flat bottom of the body 350 with fasteners or thelike. The top of the body 350 can slope downward from the central hub370 to the rim 388.

As shown in FIG. 11A, affixed on two ends of the rim 388 are shelves 310for supporting the isolators (140), shock absorbers (142), and tensionmembers (144) of the vibrator (100), which are not shown but aredescribed earlier. Gussets 315 can support the shelves 310 on sidewallsaffixed to the body's rim 388. The shelves 310 and gussets 315 can becomposed of composite material and can affix to the composite body usingtechniques available in the art. Alternatively, the shelves 310 andgussets 315 can be composed of metal.

Offset from the shelves 310, two stands 320 fit in pockets 376 of thebody's lattice 380. These stands 320 accommodate the isolators (146) forthe reaction mass (150), which are not shown but are described earlier.To enclose the composite body 350 and other elements, the outside of thebaseplate 200 can have various skin elements (not shown).

Although the disclosed vibrator 100 of FIGS. 3A-3D has been described ashaving a hydraulically actuated reaction mass 150, those skilled in theart will appreciate that the teachings of the present disclosure can beapplied to other types of actuators for reciprocating a reaction mass.In general, therefore, the disclosed vibrator 100 can reciprocate areaction mass 150 using a linear induction motor, a linear synchronousmotor, a controlled hydraulic actuator, or any other actuator used inthe art. Either way, the vibrator 100 can use any type of actuator toimpart energy into the ground with the disclosed baseplate 200.

In addition to vibrating vertically to impart compression waves(“P-Waves”), the disclosed vibrator 100 can also produce seismic shearwaves (“S-Waves”). Moreover, the present disclosure has focused on asingle axis seismic source for brevity and without limiting the scope ofthe disclosure. Those skilled in the art would recognize that amulti-axis vibratory source capable of imparting both P and S waves intothe earth can be configured according to the present disclosure. Detailsrelated to coupling the disclosed vibrator 100 to the ground and detailsrelated to other actuators for the disclosed vibrator 100 can be foundin U.S. Pat. Pub. Nos. 2007/0250269, 2007/0240930, and 2009/0073807,which are incorporated herein by reference.

Although the baseplate 200/300 with the composite body 250/350 isdescribed as being circular or round, it will be appreciated with thebenefit of the present disclosure that a comparable structure of thedisclosed baseplate 200/300 can be applied to a square, rectangular,polygonal, or other shape for a vibrator's baseplate according to thepresent disclosure. For example, the teachings of the present disclosurewith respect to the internal composite body 250 of FIGS. 5A through 6Bcan be applied to a rectangular or other shaped baseplate for avibrator.

As another example, a baseplate according to the present disclosure canhave a shape and components similar to the conventional baseplate 20 ofFIGS. 2A-2C. As shown in FIGS. 12A-12B, for example, another compositebaseplate 400 is shown in exploded and exposed views. The overall shapeof this baseplate 400 is similar to that disclosed in U.S. Pat. Pub. No.2010/0276224, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

The baseplate 400 has a top plate 410, a bottom assembly 420, and a corebody 430. The core body 430 fits into the bottom assembly 420, and thetop plate 410 disposes on the core body 430 to form the baseplate 400.FIG. 12C shows an exploded view of the core body 430 of the compositebaseplate 400. FIGS. 12D-12E show longitudinal and lateral sectionalview of the composite baseplate.

Looking at the top plate 410, the top plate 410 defines various openingsfor flexibility and has reinforcement pads 411 with stilt mount holes415 and isolator mount recesses 417. The mount holes 415 allow thestilts (not shown) of a vibrator to couple to stilt mounts 413 disposedin the core body 430. The mount recesses 417 hold isolators (not shown)for the vibrator's reaction mass (not shown). Corners of the top plate410 extend out from the sides of the baseplate 400 and have retainingledges 412 for the additional isolators (not shown) of the vibrator'sframe (not shown). Finally, the top plate 410 can have other features,such as hangers (not shown) for tension members (not shown) andreinforcement pads (not shown) for pistons (not shown) typically used.

As best shown in FIG. 12A, the bottom assembly 420 has a bottom plate422 with end walls 424 and long sidewalls 426 extending upward aroundthe plate's edges. Isolator shelves 428 and gussets 428′ extend from thebottom assembly's long sidewalls 426 and support the top surface'sextending corners for the isolators (not shown). Lower ends of themounts 413 can fit in holes in the bottom plate 422.

For its part, the core body 430 best shown in FIG. 12C can have bottom,side, end, and top exterior sheeting 432, 434, 436, and 438 to holdtogether the core body's internal components. One or more elements ofexterior sheeting may not be needed. The stilt mounts 413 fit inopenings in the bottom exterior sheeting or shear panel 432. The mounts413 are also exposed above the top exterior sheeting or shear panel 438and align with the mount holes 415 in the top plate 410. The sheeting434 and 436 can be stiffener beams providing stiffness to the core body430.

Internally, as shown in FIGS. 12B-12E, the core body 430 haslongitudinal ribs or beams 440 that run longitudinally along thebaseplate's length. Four beams 440 are shown, but more or less could beused depending on the implementation. Interconnecting spacers or ribs450 position laterally between the beams 440 and along the long capwalls 426 of the bottom assembly 420. The stilt mounts 413 positionbetween inner pairs of the beams 440 at the central structure of thecore body 430.

The beams 440 can be hollow or solid tubes with rectangularcross-sections, or the beams 440 can be I-beams or other components. Ascan be seen in FIGS. 12C and 12E, the beams 440 can be sandwichedbetween spacer strips or stiffeners 442. To provide increased stiffness,the beams 440 can have an increased height, but the particular heightused depends on the stiffness desired and the material used. To maintainweight and stiffness for the beams 440 when hollow, the wall thicknessof the beams 440 can be appropriately configured, and the actuallythickness can depend on the desired stiffness and weight of thebaseplate 400 as well as the material used for the beams 440.

Depending on the implementation, all or at least a part of the baseplate400 can be composed of a composite material. For example, thelongitudinal beams 440 can be composed of a composite material havingcarbon fiber or the like. The beams 440 may or may not be hollow in suchan arrangement. The interconnecting ribs 450 positioned between thebeams 440 can be composed of composite material or metal and can beseparate or integrated into the beams 440. In fact, the entire core body430 can be composed of composite material.

Additionally, the exterior sheeting 432, 434, 436, and 438 of the corebody 430 can be composed of metal. Likewise, the top plate 410 and thebottom assembly 420 can be composed of metal. As will be appreciatedwith the benefit of the present disclosure, however, the beams 440 arepreferably made of a composite material, whereas any of the othercomponents (e.g., top plate 410, bottom assembly 420, ribs 450, mounts413, etc.) can be composed of metal. Dimensions and weight of thebaseplate 400 can be comparable to the dimensions and weight typicallyused on existing baseplates so the baseplate 400 can be roughly10-inches high, 42-inches wide, and 96-inches long and may have a weightin excess of 4000-lbs. depending on the implementation.

The foregoing description of preferred and other embodiments is notintended to limit or restrict the scope or applicability of theinventive concepts conceived of by the Applicants. In exchange fordisclosing the inventive concepts contained herein, the Applicantsdesire all patent rights afforded by the appended claims.

Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims include allmodifications and alterations to the full extent that they come withinthe scope of the following claims or the equivalents thereof.

What is claimed is:
 1. A seismic vibrator, comprising: a baseplate atleast partially composed of a composite material; a mass movablydisposed relative to the baseplate and imparting vibrational energythereto; an actuator coupled to the mass and moving the mass relative tothe baseplate; and a controller communicatively coupled to the actuatorand controlling operation of the actuator.
 2. The vibrator of claim 1,wherein the composite material comprises carbon fiber.
 3. The vibratorof claim 1, wherein the baseplate comprises a core body composed of thecomposite material.
 4. The vibrator of claim 3, wherein the core bodycomprises: a bottom surface having a round perimeter, and a top surfacehaving a rectangular perimeter with shelves extending beyond the roundperimeter of the bottom surface.
 5. The vibrator of claim 3, wherein thebaseplate comprises a top plate disposed on a top surface of the corebody.
 6. The vibrator of claim 5, wherein the top plate is composed of ametallic material.
 7. The vibrator of claim 5, comprising firstisolators disposed on the top plate and isolating the mass and thebaseplate.
 8. The vibrator of claim 5, further comprising: a framesupporting the baseplate; and second isolators disposed on the top plateand isolating the frame and the baseplate.
 9. The vibrator of claim 8,further comprising piston members disposed on the top plate between theframe and the baseplate.
 10. The vibrator of claim 8, further comprisingtension members disposed on the top plate between the frame and thebaseplate.
 11. The vibrator of claim 3, wherein the baseplate comprisesa central mount disposed on a top surface of the core body; and whereinthe mass comprises stilts supporting the mass on the central mount. 12.The vibrator of claim 11, wherein the baseplate comprises first journalsdisposed in the core body and coupled to the stilts.
 13. The vibrator ofclaim 11, wherein the actuator comprises a piston disposed through themass; and wherein the baseplate comprises a second journal disposedthrough the core body and coupled to the piston.
 14. The vibrator ofclaim 3, wherein the baseplate comprises a bottom plate disposed on abottom surface of the core body.
 15. The vibrator of claim 14, whereinbottom plate is composed of a metallic material.
 16. The vibrator ofclaim 14, wherein the bottom plate comprises sidewalls extending aroundsides of the core body.
 17. The vibrator of claim 1, wherein thebaseplate comprises: a top component having a top surface and an outerwall extending therefrom; and a bottom component having a bottom surfaceand an inner wall extending therefrom, wherein the top componentconnects on the bottom component with the outer wall fitting around theinner wall.
 18. The vibrator of claim 1, wherein the baseplatecomprises: a central structure; and a lattice structure surrounding thecentral structure, the lattice structure having main ribs extending fromthe central structure and having interconnecting ribs interconnectingthe main ribs.
 19. The vibrator of claim 1, wherein the main ribs extendradially from the central structure, and wherein the interconnectingribs extend circumferentially between the main ribs.
 20. The vibrator ofclaim 1, wherein the controller comprises a sensor coupled to motion ofthe baseplate and detecting signals indicative of acceleration impartedto the baseplate, wherein the controller controls the actuator based atleast in part on the signals from the sensor.
 21. A baseplate for aseismic vibrator having a mass component, an actuator component, and aframe component, the baseplate comprising: a core body disposed on theseismic vibrator and imparting energy to the ground, the core bodycomposed of a composite material and comprising: a central structure towhich the mass and actuator components of the seismic vibrator couple;and a lattice structure surrounding the central structure, the latticestructure having main ribs extending from the central structure andhaving interconnecting ribs interconnecting the main ribs.
 22. Thebaseplate of claim 21, further comprising a top plate disposed on a topsurface of the core body, the top plate supporting the frame componentof the vibrator.
 23. The baseplate of claim 22, wherein the top platecomprises a metallic material.
 24. The baseplate of claim 21, furthercomprising a bottom plate disposed on a bottom surface of the core body.25. The baseplate of claim 24, wherein the bottom plate comprises ametallic material.
 26. The baseplate of claim 21, wherein the centralstructure comprises a plurality of journals disposed therein to whichthe mass and actuator components couple.
 27. The baseplate of claim 21,wherein the main ribs extend radially from the central structure, andwherein the interconnecting ribs extend circumferentially between themain ribs.
 28. A baseplate for a seismic vibrator having a masscomponent, an actuator component, and a frame component, the baseplatecomprising: a core body composed of a composite material and having atop and a bottom; one or more upper plates disposed on the top of thecore body and supporting the mass component, the actuator component, andthe frame component; and a bottom plate disposed on the bottom of thecore body.
 29. The baseplate of claim 28, wherein the one or more upperplates comprise a top plate supporting the frame component.
 30. Thebaseplate of claim 28, wherein the one or more upper plates comprises acentral mount supporting the mass and actuator components.
 31. Thebaseplate of claim 28, wherein the core body comprises a plurality ofjournals disposed therein to which the mass and actuator componentscouple.